What is POP & OOP?

POP & OOP Short Note

  ØWhat is POP?

                POP full form is Procedure Oriented Programming. Procedural programming is a programming paradigm, derived from structured programming, based upon the concept of the procedure call.

            When program become larger, it is divided into function & each function has clearly defined purpose. Dividing the program into functions & module is one of the cornerstones of structured programming.  E.g.:- c, basic, FORTRAN.

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Ø Characteristics of Procedural Oriented Programming:-

§  It focuses on process rather than data.

§  It takes a problem as a sequence of things to be done such as reading, calculating and printing. Hence, a number of functions are written to solve a problem.

§  A program is divided into a number of functions and each function has clearly defined purpose.

§  Most of the functions share global data.

§  Data moves openly around the system from function to function.

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Ø Drawback of  POP (structured programming):-

§  It emphasis on doing things. Data is given a second class status even through data is the reason for the existence of the program.

§  Since every function has complete access to the global variables, the new programmer can corrupt the data accidentally by creating function. Similarly, if new data is to be added, all the function needed to be modified to access the data.

§  It is often difficult to design because the components function and data structure do not model the real world.

§  Modularity is generally desirable, especially in large, complicated programs.

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Ø What Is OOP?

      It means Object Oriented Programming. To overcome the drawbacks of POP this

Programming language was introduced. It’s organized around objects rather than actions and data rather than logic. 

OOP is a programming paradigm based on the concept of  objects, which may contain data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes; and code, in the form of procedures, often known as methods. The most popular ones are class-based, meaning that objects are instances of classes, which typically also determine their type.

Many of the most widely used programming languages such as C++, Object Pascal, Java, Python etc. are multi-paradigm programming languages that support object-oriented programming.

The core of the pure object-oriented programming is to create an object, in code, that has certain properties and methods. While designing C++ modules, we try to see whole world in the form of objects.

For example a car is an object which has certain properties such as color, number of doors, and the like. It also has certain methods such as accelerate, brake, and so on.

Ø Concepts Of OOP:-

·          Object-

This is the basic unit of object oriented programming. That is both data and function that operate on data are bundled as a unit called as object.

·                Class-

When you define a class, you define a blueprint for an object. This doesn't actually define any data, but it does define what the class name means, that is, what an object of the class will consist of and what operations can be performed on such an object.

·                Abstraction-

Data abstraction refers to, providing only essential information to the outside world and hiding their background details, i.e., to represent the needed information in program without presenting the details.

For example, a database system hides certain details of how data is stored and created and maintained. Similar way, C++ classes provides different methods to the outside world without giving internal detail about those methods and data.

·                Encapsulation-

Encapsulation is placing the data and the functions that work on that data in the same place. While working with procedural languages, it is not always clear which functions work on which variables but object-oriented programming provides you framework to place the data and the relevant functions together in the same object.

·                Inheritance-

One of the most useful aspects of object-oriented programming is code reusability. As the name suggests Inheritance is the process of forming a new class from an existing class that is from the existing class called as base class, new class is formed called as derived class.

This is a very important concept of object-oriented programming since this feature helps to reduce the code size.

There are few types of inheritance, which are as follows:

Single inheritance

Multi-level inheritance

Multiple inheritance\

Hierarchical inheritance

Hybrid inheritance.

·                Polymorphism-

Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms. The ability to use an operator or function in different ways in other words giving different meaning or functions to the operators or functions is called polymorphism. Poly refers to many. That is a single function or an operator functioning in many ways different upon the usage is called polymorphism.

There are types of  polymorphism which are as follow:

§  Compile-time

§  Run-time

 

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